The engines are identical, apart from some rolling changes, to the cylinder cover and minor clutch pack differences. Internal drive ratios are identical. All used 17T front and 37T rear sprockets.
The carb bodies are the same, but vary with internal jetting, according to the exhaust system used, and some minor attempts at making the engine more emissions friendly.
The 77 and 78 CB550K had yet another exhaust type and PD style carbs that were the most emissions friendly.
The US model Cb500s ARE different inside, though some parts interchange. The carb style was the same as early CB550s, again with internal jetting changes to account for displacement differences. Trans/clutch were different with an internal final drive ratio different, too. Sprockets were 17T front and 34T rear.
The 500 to 550 evolution was far more than just a displacement increase fixing many issues that the Cb500 was saddled with.