I find it interesting that instead of following the initial statement:
"Re: Where to get stats to support anit-helmet law intro to state congress"
almost everyone gave their opinions on the subject,
not facts for or against.
Hm.....still looking for facts to back up my desire to change the law in Vermont.
peace,
michel
Abstract
A comprehensive study was conducted of all motorcycle traffic crashes occurring in Maryland during a one-year period. All available medical and cost data were linked with police crash reports. During the study period, 1,900 motorcycle drivers were involved in crashes. The data indicated that (i) helmet usage was 35% overall, 30% among fatally injured drivers, and only 16% among drivers with a history of drug/alcohol conviction, (ii) unhelmeted drivers seen at an emergency department were almost twice as likely to have sustained head injury (40%) as were helmeted drivers (21%) (the corresponding percentages for hospitalized drivers were 55% and 38%), and (iii) acute care cost for unhelmeted drivers was three times ($30,365) that of helmeted drivers.
Presented at the 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, October 1–3, 1990, Scottsdale, AZ.
†
Present address: University of Pittsburgh, Department of Epidemiology/GSPH, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.
Abstract
Helmet effectiveness in preventing fatalities to motorcycle drivers and passengers was determined by applying the double pair comparison method to the Fatal Accident Reporting System (PARS) data for 1975 through 1986. Motorcycles with a driver and a passenger, at least one of whom was killed, were used. In order to reduce as much as possible potentially confounding effects due to the dependence of survivability on sex and age, the analysis is confined to male drivers (there were insufficient female driver data), and to cases in which the driver and passenger age do not differ by more than three years. Motorcycle helmet effectiveness estimates are found to be relatively unaffected by performing the analyses in a number of ways different from that indicated above. It was found that helmets are (28 ±

% effective in preventing fatalities to motorcycle riders (the error is one standard error), the effectiveness being similar for male and female passengers, and similar for drivers and passengers. An additional result found was that the fatality risk in the driver seat exceeds that in the passenger seat by (26 ± 2)%. The 28% effectiveness found generates calculated fatality increases from repeal of mandatory helmetwearing laws that are compatible with observed increases.
There are no figures or tables for this document.
☆
An earlier version of this paper, which used FARS data through 1984, rather than through 1986, was presented to the 31st Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, New Orleans, September 1987, and appears in the Proceedings of the meeting.
Copyright © 1988 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Motorcycle helmets and traffic safety
Thomas S. Deea, b, Corresponding author contact information, E-mail the corresponding author
a Department of Economics, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, United States
b China Center for Human Capital and Labor Market Research, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.12.002, How to Cite or Link Using DOI
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Abstract
Between 1997 and 2005, the number of annual motorcyclist fatalities doubled. Motorcyclist fatalities now account for over 10 percent of all traffic-related fatalities. However, over the last three decades, states have generally been eliminating laws that require helmet use among all motorcyclists. This study examines the effectiveness of helmet use and state laws that mandate helmet use in reducing motorcyclist fatalities. Within-vehicle comparisons among two-rider motorcycles indicate that helmet use reduces fatality risk by 34 percent. State laws requiring helmet use appear to reduce motorcyclist fatalities by 27 percent. Fatality reductions of this magnitude suggest that the health benefits of helmet-use laws are not meaningfully compromised by compensating increases in risk-taking by motorcyclists.
JEL classification
I12;
I18;
H75
Keywords
Traffic safety;
Risk compensation;
Technological efficacy
Figures and tables from this article:
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Fig. 1. Registered motorcycles and motorcyclist fatalities, 1983–2005.
Motorcyclist fatality rates and mandatory helmet-use laws
David J. Houstona, Corresponding author contact information, E-mail the corresponding author,
Lilliard E. Richardsonb, 1, E-mail the corresponding author
a Department of Political Science, 1001 McClung Tower, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0410, United States
b Truman School of Public Affairs, 105 Middlebush Hall, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211-6100, United States
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.05.005, How to Cite or Link Using DOI
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Abstract
Using cross-sectional time series data for the 50 states and Washington, DC, covering the period 1975–2004, we estimate fixed effects regression models that examine the effects of universal and partial helmet laws on three different motorcyclist fatality rates, while controlling for other state policies and characteristics. Depending on the particular measure that is employed, states with universal helmet laws have motorcyclist fatality rates that are on average 22–33% lower in comparison to the experience with no helmet law. Additionally, partial coverage helmet laws are associated with reductions in motorcyclist fatality rates of 7–10%, on average.
Keywords
Motorcycle helmet-use laws;
Universal coverage;
Partial coverage;
Fatality rates
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Fig. 1. U.S. Motorcyclist fatalities, 1975–2004.
Are helmet laws protecting young motorcyclists?
David J. HoustonCorresponding author contact information, E-mail the corresponding author
Department of Political Science, 1001 McClung Tower, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996–0410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2007.05.002, How to Cite or Link Using DOI
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Abstract
Problem
The trend in state mandatory motorcycle helmet laws is away from universal coverage to partial coverage statutes that require only young riders to wear a helmet. Among partial coverage states substantial variation exists in this age requirement. How effective are motorcycle helmet laws at reducing young motorcyclist fatalities?
Method
The dependent variable is the number of motorcyclist fatalities 15–20 years of age. Fixed effects negative binomial regression models are estimated using panel data for all 50 states and Washington DC, for the period 1975–2004.
Results
Universal helmet laws are associated with fatality rates that are 31% lower among motorcyclists 15–20 years of age. In contrast, partial coverage laws targeting young motorcyclists are statistically unrelated to a reduction in the fatality rates of this age group.
Discussion
The long-term consequence of the move away from universal helmet laws will be an increased level of risk faced by young motorcyclists. In many states, mandatory motorcycle helmet laws are not protecting even young riders.
Keywords
Helmet laws;
Motorcycles;
Fatalities;
Young adults;
Negative binomial regression
Figures and tables from this article:
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Fig. 1. Trends in Motorcycle Helmet Laws by Highest Age Covered, 1975–2004.
Study objective:
To determine the effect of the use of a motorcycle helmet on reducing the mortality, morbidity, and health care costs resulting from motorcycle crashes.
Design:
A prospective, multicenter study of all eligible motorcycle crash victims.
Setting:
The emergency departments of eight medical centers across the state of Illinois, including representatives from urban, rural, teaching, and community facilities.
Type of participants:
All motorcycle crash victims presenting less than 24 hours after injury for whom helmet information was known. Data were collected from April 1 through October 31, 1988.
Measurements and main results:
Fifty-eight of 398 patients (14.6%) were helmeted, and 340 (85.4%) were not. The nonhelmeted patients had higher Injury Severity Scores (11.9 vs 7.02), sustained head/neck injuries more frequently (41.7 vs 24.1%), and had lower Glasgow Coma Scores (13.73 vs 14.51). Twenty-five of the 26 fatalities were nonhelmeted patients. By logistic regression, the lack of helmet use was found to be a major risk factor for increased severity of injury. A 23% increase in health care costs was demonstrated for nonhelmeted patients (average charges $7, 208 vs $5, 852).
Conclusion:
Helmet use may reduce the overall severity of injury and the incidence of head injuries resulting from motorcycle crashes. A trend toward higher health care costs was demonstrated in the nonhelmeted patients.
Author Keywords
helmet use, motorcycle;
motorcycle, trauma
There are no figures or tables for this document.
Supported by a grant from the Illinois Department of Transportation. Presented at the Illinois ACEP Scientific Assembly in Chicago, March 1989; the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Annual Meeting in San Diego, May 1989; and the Sixth World Conference on Emergency and Disaster Medicine in Hong Kong, September 1989.
Corresponding author contact information
Address for reprints: Patrick Kelly, MD, 118 Wentworth Street, Charleston, South Carolina 29401.
Copyright © 1991 Published by Mosby, Inc.
Journal of the American College of Surgeons
Volume 212, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 295–300
Cover image
Original scientific article
Motorcycle Helmets Associated with Lower Risk of Cervical Spine Injury: Debunking the Myth
Abstract presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma, January 2010, Phoenix, AZ.
Joseph G. Crompton, MDa, Corresponding author contact information, E-mail the corresponding author,
Curt Bone, BSb,
Tolulope Oyetunji, MD, MPHc,
Keshia M. Pollack, PhD, MPHd,
Oluwaseyi Bolorunduro, BSc,
Cassandra Villegas, BA, MPHb,
Kent Stevens, MD, MPHb,
Edward E. Cornwell III, MD, FACSc,
David T. Efron, MD, FACSb,
Elliott R. Haut, MD, FACSb,
Adil H. Haider, MD, MPH, FACSb
a Department of Surgery, University of California-Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
b Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
c Department of Surgery, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
d Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, Center for Injury Research and Policy, Baltimore, MD
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.09.032, How to Cite or Link Using DOI
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Referred to by
Barbara Langland-Orban, Lewis Flint
Another Perspective on Motorcycle Helmet Use
Journal of the American College of Surgeons, Volume 213, Issue 2, August 2011, Pages 336-337
PDF (115 K)
Background
There has been a repeal of the universal helmet law in several states despite definitive evidence that helmets reduce mortality, traumatic brain injury, and hospital expenditures. Opponents of the universal helmet law have successfully claimed that helmets should not be required because of greater torque on the neck, which is thought to increase the likelihood of a cervical spine injury. There is currently insufficient evidence to counter claims that helmets do not increase the risk of cervical spine injury after a motorcycle collision. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of motorcycle helmets on the likelihood of developing a cervical spine injury after a motorcycle collision.
Study Design
We reviewed cases in the National Trauma Databank (NTDB) v7.0 involving motorcycle collisions. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the independent effect of helmets on cervical spine injury. Cases were adjusted for age, race, sex, insurance status, anatomic (Injury Severity Score) and physiologic injury severity (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg), and head injury (Abbreviated Injury Score > 3).
Results
Between 2002 and 2006, 62,840 cases of motorcycle collision were entered into the NTDB; 40,588 had complete data and were included in the adjusted analysis. Helmeted riders had a lower adjusted odds (0.80 [CI 0.72 to 0.90]) and a lower proportion of cervical spine injury (3.5% vs 4.4%, p < 0.05) compared with nonhelmeted riders.
Conclusions
Helmeted motorcyclists are less likely to suffer a cervical spine injury after a motorcycle collision. This finding challenges a long-standing objection to mandatory helmet use that claims helmets are associated with cervical spine injury. Re-enactment of the universal helmet law should be considered in states where it has been repealed.
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Figure 1. Patient selection in National Trauma Databank (NTDB).
Figure options
Full-size image (16 K)
Figure 2. Unadjusted comparison of mortality, cervical spine injury, and traumatic brain injury in helmeted compared with nonhelmeted motorcycle riders (n = 46,362 p < 0.001). Light bar, helmeted; dark bar, nonhelmeted.
Study objectives:
To document the effect of a reenacted comprehensive helmet use law on injuries and fatalities.
Design:
Retrospective before-and-after analysis.
Setting:
Two urban counties representing 40% of Nebraska's population.
Participants:
Six hundred seventy-one patients reported as injured to the Nebraska Department of Roads in the period from one year before through one year after the reenactment on January 1, 1989.
Results:
The helmet use law was temporally associated with a 26% decrease in the reported rate of motorcycle crashes in Nebraska compared with five other midwestern states. There were sharp declines in the number (and rates) of reported injured, hospital transports, hospital admissions, severe nonhead injuries, severe head injuries, and deaths. Serious head injuries (Abbreviated Injury Score, 3 or higher) decreased 22%. The percentage of injured motorcyclists with serious head injuries was significantly lower among the helmeted motorcyclists (5%) than among the unhelmeted cyclists (14%) for the two years combined.
Conclusion:
The reenactment of a helmet use law resulted in fewer crashes, fatalities, and severe head injuries.
Author Keywords
motorcycle helmets
There are no figures or tables for this document.
Presented at the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Annual Meeting in Washington, DC, May 1991.
"Hm.....still looking for facts to back up my desire to change the law in Vermont."
And I'm still trying to tell you there aren't any.
Cheers,
Brian