If you replaced the solenoid and suffered a significant electrical short, then you simply connected it up wrong. There should be 2 large diameter wires connected to the solenoid. One leads straight to the starter motor, the other to the battery positive terminal. They appear to black in color, and on your Honda, BLACK wires are NOT grounds; they are 12v powered wires. Solid GREEN is ground. This causes lots of new owners issues...
There are numerous smaller gauge wires that run down the left side of the bike, from underneath the electric panel on the left side. Some of these slide under the left shift cover. These are your Alternator/stator wires, plus a NEUTRAL switch and OIL PRESSURE switch. The 3 yellow, 1 white (solid) and 1 black are involved in the charging of your bike. To access their connections under the cover, remove the shifter level, then the screws holding the cover on. Pry it off carefully and they will be revealed in their bullet style connectors.
Just always connect color-to-color on these bikes to insure the correct sequence and polarity. And here's your color wiring diagram for reference:
http://www.cmsnl.com/classic-honda-fansite/honda_wiring_diagrams/CB650(79).jpgIf you look at this diagram, look at the right side. See the alternator? Thats under the left front of the motor. The Regulator/Rectifier is under the left body panel. Top of the page, center, Starter Magnetic switch is your solenoid. That should help get you oriented...