11 volts can be a poor battery charge level, or it can be a good charge level with a dead cell. That's why you give it a charge that should make all cells provide full voltage, wait 2 hours to let the electrolyte equalize/stabilize its charge saturation, and then take a voltage reading. 2.1 volts per cell x 6 cells = 12.6V. 2.1 volts per cell x 5 cells = 10.5V.
There are many failure modes of batteries. But, a good one will respond predictably with a proper charge procedure. For example, my Cb700SC battery receives a charge and shows good voltage after wards. But, it fails a load test, dropping the voltage down to 9-ish volts (and then lower) when the starter load is placed on it. Battery is old and tired (~5 years). New battery holds voltage, allowing the bike to start and run as it should.
I've had other batteries that had just one cell fail.
A good battery that is simply drained can take a far higher amperage for a short time to do a bulk charge (50-80%). But the electrolyte needs a much slower charge rate to saturate fully without heat damage. The danger from fast charge (which is no worse for the battery than starter current drain load rates), is doing it when the battery is already near or closer to full capacity. When the charge rate exceeds the chemical saturation rate of the battery, damage can occur.