If it's only the screw - the threads in the plate are OK - a hardware store might have something but it's unlikely IMO. A Japanese bike dealer or shop should have bins of assorted metric screws. I would get a tap and chase the hole though.
The boss will cause problems. You can't fix a loose plate buy pounding on those, because they break off as you discovered. You pound the plate outside the screw slot - held flat on something steel and heavy... not many of us have an anvil but a vise is common. You may be able to get it stable on the small bit of projection remaining, pretty much your only hope? It may be possible to drill 1/6" holes and drive in short split pins if that is no good.