Well, I have good news and bad news.
The good news is that I was able to start the bike up. I even rode her around for 10 minutes or so yesterday evening and everything seemed OK. The bad news is that I have no idea why. :S
Sunday, I removed the battery, thinking it would be safer if I was going to look over the wiring. Maybe it was overkill, I don't know. I had a quick look at the wiring to which I had easy access: under the seat, behind the side covers, to the taillights, headlights and to the starter. I didn't see anything out of the ordinary. At this point, I was interrupted by family obligations and decided to bring the battery indoors (I work on the bike outdoors, as I don't have a garage).
Yesterday, I reinstalled the battery and tried removing the fuses for the headlights and taillights. My reasoning was that if I was able to start the bike with just the main fuse, then it would have meant that the problem was with the headlights or taillights. However, the bike didn't start. (Likely because all fuses are required? I'll need to research.) I put back the other fuses, tried her again, and she started!
Needless to say, I'll be uneasy riding the bike for a while, never knowing if the problem will reoccur. If it does, I'll try being more systematic in my approach next time in order to zero in on the actual problem.