#8 turns with the wheel, #10 engages to #8 and is turned by the wheel. Your speedometer cable fits into #10 to bring this rotation up to your speedometer.
#10 is referred to as Speedometer drive, Speedo gearbox, etc. It has 2 gears inside that must mesh. Some can be disassembled and cleaned, some must be cleaned while assembled, its a messy job. Then new grease must be packed around the gears before reinstalling.
A clean, lubricated, and unbroken speedometer cable is required. Speedometer cables get dirty inside and need to be flushed out and re-lubricated eventually. They can also break internally. It's easy to spot a broken speedometer cable, disconnect the cable at both ends and pull out the interior part of the cable with a pair of pliers. It should be the full length of the Outer part of the cable when removed. If it's shorter, you've found a broken speedometer cable, you'll need a new one.