I read your description several times and it still doesn't make complete sense.
To check if the parts will fit, pull the whole (mounted) caliper assembly away from the wheel fairly hard (against the spring) or squeeze the lever. Look at the cailper inner face on either side (not the pad face) - it should be almost exactly parallel with the disc surface (using new pads). If it isn't, you have some geometry problem either in the caliper arm or axle spacers.
Take a look edge-on from the front: the pad surface must be completely on the disk surface, and the top of the pad should be a few mm below the top edge of the disk.
To adjust the spring screw setting, loosen it (turn clockwise at the adjusting end) a few turns and push hard on the caliper against the disk to force the piston in a mm or three. The caliper arm should then swing freely a tad if you rattle it back-and-forth. It should not move more than just perceptibly up-and-down - worn pivot if it does. Lift the front wheel free of the ground and spin the wheel. Tighten the adjuster (ccw) until the inner fixed pad contacts the rotor and slows the wheel. Turn the adjuster about 1/4 turn cw, and tighten the locknut. Check again, tightening the locknut usually takes up about 1/4 turn and it will be dragging again... fiddle until the locked setting is about 1/4 turn free of pad contact. That's it. Only pad wear or turning the adjuster will change this setting (make sure the inner pad is fitting in the caliper OK, some edge play is necessary for it to swivel flat to the disk... some brands are too tight and need the edge filed smaller to work properly).
If it still drags, bleed and bleed again. If that doesn't work, clean the piston seal groove with a bronze brush wheel and Dremel type tool... then bleed and bleed and bleed and bleed again.