I figured it out! There is a headlight cutoff switch in the starter button that turns off the headlight while the starter is engaged. Last night, after starting, I pulled out on the actual starter button, and the headlight came on and doesn't even flicker! The switch only cuts the power to the headlight when it's depressed (and apparently also cuts power to the fuse block), and I think what's happening is that the spring in the button may be mashed down or is wearing out, so after starting, the button isn't returning to it's original position fully, allowing the starter to shutoff and the bike to run, but not far enough to let the headlight come back on...it's much more simple than I was making it out to be...I can live with it now that I know what's causing it, and as soon as I can, I'll either replace the starter button switch, or see if I can fix the spring.