With the starter already out, you could maybe stick your finger in the hole where the starter shaft goes, you should be able to feel the intermediate gear with your finger. It should be free to turn in one direction but not the other, due to the operation of the starter clutch.
Like HM says, there's not a lot to go wrong with the starter gears short of catastrophic damage. Pulling off the alternator cover only takes a little while and would probably answer any questions about the states of the gears.
Since you have the starter out, hook it back up to the starter cable, ground the starter to the frame, hold it firmly and hit the start button. Does the starter spin?
mystic_1