Yup, the 1983 CB550SC Nighthawk was a shaft drive bike.
To use the rear wheel with a chain and sprocket, you'd have to fabricate a sprocket carrier that would bolt to the wheel in place of the shaft drive flange, such a sprocket carrier would have to locate the sprocket in the correct chain line. I understand that the lack of a cush drive should not be an issue, but I've never built or ridden one personally.
You'll have other hurdles to overcome, there are axle diameters, wheel bearing sizes, brake parts need to fit together and function correctly too.
You may want to consider a complete front end swap, run a search and you'll find many.
If you have a rear disc brake your choices are a little greater when it comes to wheel choice.
One tip I'll give is to find a 'motorcycle tire fitment chart' from a tire manufacturer, this type of chart will give you information about what tire sizes other bikes came with. Your tire size requirements should drive your choice of wheels and not the other way around. Each wheel width will only fit certain width tires, you'll want to become familiar and searching the web for 'wheel to rim size' reference charts is a good start.
-Alan