I'd guess it's a hydraulic accumulator.
If this is the case, I've heard of it before in specially designed systems. Using it on a brake system that wasn't designed for it may be a terrible idea. The principle is that the accumulator acts as a floating spring. When fluid pushes on the piston, it can also push on the accumulator. This means that the piston can move (in response to lever movement) or the accumulator can absorb the energy. This helps damp out pulsations, and allow some "give" to the system (much like a rubber line does.
Now, the problem is that it's not a very stable system if you design it wrong, and can lead to significantly increased pulsations, and insufficient clamping force.
What that does to a stock braking system that was not designed for it...would be interesting as an academic debate. For a practical application? I wouldn't touch it, because there's a LOT of R&D in a brake system... which someone has to do