From what I know, CB vs CM is CB can be an earlier model, CM appeared in the late 70's say '79 and is a twin. CB goes back to the '60's.
CB all has pipes that go underneath, and out the back, just above the ground, can be twin or 4.
SL has pipes that go under and sweep up in the back, motocross like. CL has pipes that sweep upward or horizontal at the head and nothing underneath to get crushed when navigating over curbs.
In the cb, cl, sl and cl twins, the motors are all the same. There is no CL or SL 4 cyl honda.
Others here know more about it but generally the pipes give away the model. CL/CB 450 twing are exactly the same except for the pipes as described and the CB has a disc brake and the CL has a dual leading edge Drum, and the CB has an 18" front wheel, CL is 19."
THere may be other frame differences, and CT 70 is and example. CT is trail bike, motor /cylinder faces the front almost horizontal. All others are more or less upright. CT 90/110 has a step through frame.
Others here will pick out finer points, but as a general rule, you still meet the nicest people on a honda.
