From your picture: if the engine is original, it appears the bike is a CB750K7 model.
The throttle rack has an integral clockworks-style spring that lets you force the slides fully closed regardless of the idle stop screw. This design was from Honda's safety concerns of the 1970s era. Speaking an an ex-racer, I found it handy for increasing compression braking once in a while (but, I digress...).
There are 2 things I know about that can cause the symptom you are describing, provided the cam is properly timed inside the engine. One is the spark advancer, like Wrenchmuch points out: either sticky from rust and lack of lube, or broken spring(s), or excessive timing advance. In particular, check the advance when at idle. In the last few years there have been some ignition points around from a company in China called Daiichi: these points are impossible to set correctly, usually resulting in too much advance at idle.
The second thing: one or more severe vacuum leaks in the hoses that connect the carbs to the head. If the clamps are loose, this might be an easy fix, but if they are fully tight and the hose can still be turned on the head and/or carb, they need to be sealed up somehow. Since they are unobtanium for the post-1976 CB750 bikes now, you can soften them up overnight in a 50/50 mix of wintergreen oil (Amazon.com) and xylol (from Ace Hardware). you might have to switch the hose clamps to wider, non-Honda ones, too.