Update:
Ding dong the witch is dead ... or she is dying at least. I was able to get the starter button on the right handlebar switch to work last night. I will provide a couple of steps regarding that process below, but first I want to thank 05c50, bryanj for their patience and input, as well as those that offered local assistance. Hopefully this post will save someone from experience the same headache/heartache. Now on to the meat and potatoes.
Lesson 1: First, if you buy a right handlebar switch from VintageCb750, test the switch for appropriate resistance. In my case, for their 76 cb750 K6 switch, pressing the start button should close the circuit between the red/yellow and red/green wires, so that a multimeter would have a low resistance reading. Both the original and replacement switches I received from them had open line readings on my multimeter when the button was pressed. Part of my problem is that I applied Occam's Razor and assumed that the likelihood of me getting 2 crappy switches from them was very low, when in fact that is exactly what happened. I re-soldered the connections of those 2 wires last night, and with the step below, everything worked fine.
Lesson 2: BryanJ had me test voltage readings at the starter solenoid as well, and I am not sure how or why this happened, as I also bought a new 76 harness from VintageCB750, but the green/red coming off the handlebar switch had to run to a hot connector in the headlamp bucket (black in my case). For some reason the green/red on the harness did not have any voltage.
Lesson 3: When things went South in spectacularly confusing ways I just flailed around, burned fuses, and attacked the problem with a brute force approach instead of breaking it down logically into smaller, easier to test/verify sets if test (as many of you mentioned). Oddly enough I am usually pretty good and handling similar issues not related to motorcycles so I will have to use this is a learning point. Part of the reasons I love my 73 and 76 is because of the beauty of their simplicity, which is apparently still plenty difficult enough for me.
I've emailed this information to the VintageCb750 people who have been quite nice about all of this, so perhaps they will post updates to their instructions if warranted.
My headlamp is still dead, but I am confident that will be an easy fix.