A 1977-78 CB750K has a 17" rear wheel with a wide rim. The 140/80x17 tire is very close to the size of the stock 4.50x17. The size on the tube box might say 4.50/5.10 x 17, 140/80-17, 150/70-17 - any would fit. Make sure it says it has a TR-4 valve stem, which is metal and not rubber.
If you have not changed tires before, I would recommend taking the wheel or bike to a dealer and let them inspect the spokes, install the tube and tire, and balance the wheel. Ask and watch, as it is so easy to pinch the tube when installing it - everyone does it at least once.
As far as cast wheels, the 1978 CB750 Automatic has "mag-style" Comstar wheels and should bolt right up if you also use its front brake disc.