Jake... connect the tail light to your bike. First, clip your test light to the POS terminal on your battery. Anywhere you touch on the bike should provide a ground, so the test light should light. Does it light up when you touch your taillight? Now touch the actual lamp socket, still lights up? If “yes” to both, your lamp is properly grounded.
Step 2. Connect the test light to the NEG terminal of your battery (or a convenient ground nearer the tail light). First check the two leads to the tail light. One should have power when you turn on the lights, the other should power up when you apply the brakes. If both leads light up the test lamp. Your problem is in the socket itself.
Step 3. Connect the wires to the two leads to the tail light(bulb removed). When you turn on the lights, one of the small lamp base contacts should be live. Careful poking your test light in there, remember the outer case is the ground. If you touch the contact and the base, you will cause a short and blow the lamp fuse. Now apply the brakes. The other contact should come alive?
Take NOTE: if it all works with the above tests, the problem is the bulb. The two contacts on the bulb, must line up exactly with the contacts in the base of the socket. Do they?