I am currently reading about ethanol and engine knocking (a highly destructive problem that can have devastating consequences).
Ethanol can indirectly cause knocking in older engines due to a Lean Mixture/Fuel Starvation. Ethanol requires a different air-fuel ratio than gasoline. Older engines with carbureted systems may not be tuned to handle this, leading to a "lean" condition (too much air, not enough fuel), which creates high cylinder temperatures and causes knocking.
Ethanol blends have lower boiling points, which can lead to vapor lock in older, hotter engines, causing them to stutter, stall, or knock under load.
Knocking creates severe, high-pressure vibrations that can bend connecting rods, shatter pistons, crack cylinder walls, and destroy bearings, leading to immediate engine failure or catastrophic, costly damage.