Gas itself (the petroleum part) just evaporates. If you buy camping fuel naptha - this is pure petroleum distillate very similar to the base stock of gasoline - and evaporate some on a dish you'll see its very clean.
There are additives in pump gas that will remain, usually a tarry goo.
The bad news is that the additives are slightly corrosive to carburetor metal. Not when mixed in normal gas, but as the evaporation proceeds the remaining stuff is concentrated additives plus there'ssome dissolved water in the gas. There's also an electrochemical reaction between the brass overflow tube and the alloy bowl that activates in the gas residue soup.
The white powder is your carburetor. Whatever corrosion happened with evaporating gas in there finally dries out and flakes off once all volatile liquid has gone.
With the petcock off, the fuel evaporates fairly slowly (months usually) and the bottom of the float bowl gets corroded a bit. With the petcock on, fuel is added as it evaporates - so after a long while all the tank gas will evaporate in the float bowls. This leaves a deep well of strongly corrosive stuff there dissolving the bowl, float supports, and main jet support. In this situation the carbs are usually way beyond repair.
Even when storing for a winter or more than a month, I suggest you should drain the carbs and disconnect the petcock tube.